The Swedish-influenced police had some success in building up Persian police in centralizing the country. This greatly enhanced Re Khans standing and he began to encourage a movement for the transfer of the crown from Amad Shah to himself. From exile, Ahmad Shah issued the following declaration indicating his displeasure with the turn of events that had led to his overthrow: . This terminated the Qajar dynasty. Abrahamian Ervand, "Oriental Despotism:The Case of Qajar Iran" International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. Mohammad was born on June 21 1872. A directorate of elder statesmen established to run the country until the convening of the new parliament, named Mostawf-al-mamlek, a popular nobleman, to the influential post of minister of the court and a distinguished democrat, akm-al-molk, to serve as Mostawfs right hand man. . Mostawf, ar-e zendegn-e man y tr-e etem va edr-e Qrya III, 2nd ed., Tehran, 1343 ./1964. [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Ahmad Shah Qajar. In November, 1915, urged by the Germans, a large number of Majlis deputies and elder statesmen quit the capital and transferred their base of operations first to Qom and eventually to Kermnh, where they established a rival, nationalist government. In 1744, Nader Shah had granted the kingship of the Kartli and Kakheti to Teimuraz II and his son Erekle II (Heraclius II) respectively, as a reward for their loyalty. The memory of this vengeful ruler is universally execrated; yet he did keep Persia intact at a time of struggle. Ahmad Shah Qajar (Persian: ; 21 January 1898 - 21 February 1930) was Shah of Iran from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.. Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended to the throne at the age of 12 after the removal of his father Mohammad-Ali Shah by the Parliament on 16 July 1909. [102], The number of Russian officers in the Cossack Brigade would increase over time. It illustrates how civil strife within the country was as damaging, if not more so, than threats from abroad. With the shahs departure, an extensive campaign, encouraged by Re Khan, was initiated in favor of the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic on the model of neighboring Turkey. The Majles also democratized the electoral system, diminished the electoral dominance of Tehran, and even lowered the voting age from twenty-five to twenty. He was not able to prevent Britain and Russia from encroaching into regions of traditional Persian influence. [50] This period marked the first major economic and military encroachments on Iranian interests during the colonial era. But his intention to leave the country to its fate and save his own vast fortune at the first convenient opportunity remained unchanged. Following the official losing of the aforementioned vast territories in the Caucasus, major demographic shifts were bound to take place. She convinced the young shah that Amir Kabir wanted to usurp the throne. In November, Re Khan marched to zestn where he secured aals submission. Photograph shows Ahmad Shah Qajar (1898-1930), who was Shah of Iran from 1909 to 1925 and was the last leader of the Qajar . [69] 437-439 Abdul-Aziz Movahed Nasaj and Sajjad Farmohmedy, 2015 438. A painting with an almost identical pose but of a younger Ahmad Shah hangs in the residence of his nephew and present Head of the Imperial Kadjar House, Soltan Ali Mirza Kadjar. On top of that, having another port on the Georgian coast of the Black Sea would be ideal. Many of these migrants would prove to play a pivotal role in further Iranian history, as they formed most of the ranks of the Persian Cossack Brigade, which was also to be established in the late 19th century. He was Grand Master of the following orders: French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the. The Moderates and Democrats often clashed, particularly when it came to minority rights and secularism. [102][101] The involvement of a neutral country was seen to avoid "Great Game" rivalry between Russia and Britain, as well as avoid siding with any particular alliance (in the prelude to World War I). [103], In 1921, the Russian-officered Persian Cossack Brigade was merged with the gendarmerie and other forces, and would become supported by the British. In the last few decades of the 18th century, Georgia had become a more important element in Russo-Iranian relations than some provinces in northern mainland Persia, such as Mazandaran or even Gilan. The Second Majlis convened in November 1910 and just like the First Majlis, did not lead to any relevant accomplishment. [62], Through the Battle of Ganja of 1804 during the Russo-Persian War (18041813), many thousands of Ayrums and Qarapapaqs were settled in Tabriz. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. See also H. Arfa, Under Five Shahs, London, 1964. On his return to Tehran on April 1, he recommended that all discussion on establishing a republic cease. During the coup, Reza Khan used three thousand men and only eighteen machine guns, a very bloodless coup that moved forward quickly. The journey was undertaken ostensibly for the purpose of medical treatment abroad, although the shah, from the safety of the south of France, subsequently sought to engineer an armed rebellion against Re Khan with the help of his trusted ally, Shaikh aal of zestn. However, the Turkish Grand National Assembly had on March 3 passed three laws abolishing the caliphate, suppressing the ministry of religious affairs and the system of awqf (religious endowments) and placing all religious schools and seminaries under the national ministry of education. [39] Nevertheless, Erekle II still rejected Agha Mohammad Khan's ultimatum. Date of death: 21 February 1930 Neuilly-sur-Seine: Place of burial: Karbala; Country of citizenship: Iran; Occupation: politician; Position held: Shah (1909-1925) Noble title: Shah; . As a further direct result and consequence of the Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties of 1813 and 1828 respectively, the formerly Iranian territories became part of Russia for around the next 180 years, except Dagestan, which has remained a Russian possession ever since. Upon learning of the fall of Tbilisi General Gudovich put the blame on the Georgians themselves. [33] It was therefore natural for Agha Mohammad Khan to perform whatever necessary means in the Caucasus in order to subdue and reincorporate the recently lost regions following Nader Shah's death and the demise of the Zands, including putting down what in Iranian eyes was seen as treason on the part of the vali of Georgia. The repudiation by the U.S. Congress of the Versailles treaty, after it had been signed by President Wilson, also may have created a precedent on which Iran seized (H. Nicolson, Curzon: The Last Phase, 1919-1925, Boston, 1934, pp. A. [51][52] This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two; the Russo-Persian War of 18261828. In July 1909, constitutional forces marched from Rasht to Tehran led by Mohammad Vali Khan Sepahsalar Khalatbari Tonekaboni, deposed the Shah, and re-established the constitution. fut Shah d'Iran du 16 juillet 1909 au 31 octobre 1925. The hopes for the constitutional rule were not realized, however. In October 1851, the shah dismissed him and exiled him to Kashan, where he was murdered on the shah's orders. [17], On 12 September 1801, four years after Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's death, the Russians capitalized on the moment, and annexed Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia). akm-al-molk was charged with purging the court of undesirable elements and did so with considerable vigor and integrity, dismissing numerous unworthy tutors and officials and corrupt courtiers. Ahmad Shah Qajar was Shah of Persia from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty. The Qajar Iran would become a victim of the Great Game between Russia and Britain for influence over central Asia. This agreement canceled all previous treaties between the two countries and also gave Persia full and equal shipping rights in the Caspian Sea. The Majlis was rendered ineffective because the central government was weak and did not have enough influence to rein in the changes that it had proposed. [3] He attempted to fix the damage done by his father by appointing the best ministers he could find. In 1797, Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated in Shusha, the capital of Karabakh Khanate, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Amad Shahs position was considerably affected when on 21 February 1921exactly 40 days before the British troops were to begin their evacuation of Irana division of the Persian Cossack brigade under the command of Re Khan marched from Qazvn to Tehran and occupied the capital. In October, an elected assembly convened and drew up a constitution that provided for strict limitations on royal power, an elected parliament, or Majles, with wide powers to represent the people and a government with a cabinet subject to confirmation by the Majles. The first four years of Amad Shahs direct reign coincided with World War I and the occupation of Iran by various belligerent troops. [32] At about the same time, Karim Khan Zand had ascended the Iranian throne; Erekle II quickly tendered his de jure submission to the new Iranian ruler, however, de facto, he remained autonomous. [citation needed]. Agha Mohammad Khan defeated numerous rivals and brought all of Iran under his rule, establishing the Qajar . After being chosen by the Sayyid Brothers of Barha, he ascended the throne at the young age of 16, under . From this moment, Re Khan became the real power in Iran behind the making and unmaking of successive cabinets. However, he did not do so; and Re Khan was now too powerful and the shah too discredited for the movement to depose the Qajars to be reversed. Consequently, at a reception held in his honor in London, he intentionally refrained from including in his official speech any reference which could have been construed as an endorsement of the Anglo-Persian Agreement. Georgia was a province of Iran the same way Khorasan was. 4. He appears also to have remained in touch with the powerful Shaikh aal and to have encouraged his rebellion against the central government. The city had been part of Persia in Safavid times, but Herat had been under the non-Persian rule since the mid18th century. Eventually, following prolonged and critical negotiations in Tehran and Moscow that culminated in a personal interview with Lenin by the Iranian envoy, Al-qol Khan Anr, the Soviet government agreed to withdraw Russian troops if Britain withdrew her own forces from Iranian territory. Russian and British troops fought against the Ottoman Empire forces in Persia during World War I. , 2000. When Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar was assassinated by Mirza Reza Kermani in 1896,[83] the crown passed to his son Mozaffar-e-din. French publications at the time reported that his estate was worth some seventy-five million francs.[5]. [88][87], Though Qajar Iran had announced strict neutrality on the first day of November 1914 (which was reiterated by each successive government thereafter),[89] the neighboring Ottoman Empire invaded it relatively shortly after, in the same year. Amad Shah at first appeared inclined to join them and to transfer his capital farther south; but he was dissuaded from doing so by the British and Russian ministers in Tehran. [96] In 1868, most province governors were Qajar princes. [97], The Qajar military was one of the dynasty's largest conventional sources of legitimacy, albeit was increasingly influenced by foreign powers over the course of the dynasty. Erekle had managed to mobilize some 5,000 troops, including some 2,000 from neighboring Imereti under its King Solomon II. Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran. He founded the Pahlavi dynasty, after ending the century-old Qajar dynasty, and subsequently introduced and implemented steps to improve the prevailing social, economic and political conditions in Iran. Amad Shah feared that Re Khan had posted agents along the royal route to kill him; to calm his anxieties, Re Khan accompanied him to the Iranian frontier. Smirnov was rightly suspected by the constitutionalists of being a Russian agent; but the Russian embassy, insisting that Smirnov acted only as a tutor, objected to his dismissal and dropped hints that Russia was prepared to recall half of the Russian troops stationed at Qazvn if Smirnov was allowed to stay (S. . Taqzda, eba-ye q-ye Sayyed asan Taqzda motamel bar amma- az tr-e awel-e enqelb o maryat-e rn, Tehran, 1338 ./1959, p. 89). He reestablished Persian control over the territories in the entire Caucasus. info)), also referred to as Qajar Persia,[7] the Qajar Empire,[a] Sublime State of Persia, officially the Sublime State of Iran (Persian: Dowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Irn) and also known as the Guarded Domains of Iran (Persian: Mamlek-e Mahruse-ye Irn[8]), was an Iranian state[9] ruled by the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic origin,[10][11][12] specifically from the Qajar tribe, from 1789 to 1925. They abolished class representation and created five new seats in the Majlis for minorities: two seats for Armenians, and one seat each for Jews, Zoroastrians, and Assyrians. After Teimuraz II died in 1762, Erekle II assumed control over Kartli, and united the two kingdoms in a personal union as the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, becoming the first Georgian ruler to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia in three centuries. Amir Kabir issued an edict banning ornate and excessively formal writing in government documents; the beginning of a modern Persian prose style dates from this time. The third is the negotiations that ensued in 1941, when Reza Shah Pahlavi was deposed by the British in turn. The Anglo-Persian Agreement itself was finally abrogated in 1921, when successive Iranian cabinets found themselves unable to submit it to Parliament for approval. He was killed on the orders of Shah Nader Shah in 1726. In February 1921, Reza Khan, commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade, staged a coup d'tat, becoming the effective ruler of Iran. In the early 20th century, the Persian Constitutional Revolution created an elected parliament or Majilis, and sought the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, deposing Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar for Ahmad Shah Qajar, but many of the constitutional reforms were reversed by an intervention led by the Russian Empire. The Qajar armies at that time were mostly composed of Turkoman warriors and Georgian slaves. [33], Finding an interval of peace amid their own quarrels and with northern, western, and central Persia secure, the Persians demanded Erekle II to renounce the treaty with Russia and to reaccept Persian suzerainty,[37] in return for peace and the security of his kingdom. He was buried at the Shrine of Imam Husain, Karbala, Iraq. Lord Ironside (ed. Other rebellions were crushed, considerably adding to Re Khans standing. what is the recommended ratio for lifeguard to swimmer With the death of Mohammad Shah in 1848, Mirza Taqi was largely responsible for ensuring the crown prince's succession to the throne. [20][23] Qajar Iran's territorial integrity was further weakened during the Persian campaign of World War I and the invasion by the Ottoman Empire. "Ardabil Becomes a Province: Center-Periphery Relations in Iran", H. E. Chehabi, K. M. Rhrborn. He continued to press Norman, the British minister in Tehran, to acquiesce to his departure for Europe, ostensibly for reasons of health. It has become part of the legend of his deposition from the throne that his patriotic gesture so annoyed his British hosts that they decided to overthrow the Qajar dynasty and assisted Re Khan in doing so in 1925; but British Foreign Office documents provide ample proof that this was not the case and that his fall from power was due to circumstances unrelated to the London banquet. It marked the beginning of modern education in Persia. Home; Categories. Government expenditure was slashed, and a distinction was made between the private and public purses. [21]:20,74 Ever since the 1828 Treaty of Turkmanchay, Russia had received territorial domination in Iran. [citation needed] However, with the advent of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent withdrawal of most of the Russian troops, the Ottomans gained the upper hand in Iran, occupying significant portions of the country until the end of the war. On 21 February 1921, Ahmad Shah was pushed aside in a military coup by Colonel Reza Khan, Minister of War and commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade, who subsequently seized the post of Prime Minister. During the next two and a half years Amir Kabir initiated important reforms in virtually all sectors of society. Y. Dawlatbd, ayt-e Yay III, Tehran, 1321 ./1942. He died five days later. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease,[15] putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty. If implemented, the treaty would have put an end to Irans political independence and for all practical purposes made England Irans guardian and protector. His grandson Mohammad Shah, who fell under the Russian influence and made two unsuccessful attempts to capture Herat, succeeded him in 1834. Reza Khan induced the Majles to depose Ahmad Shah in October 1925 and to exclude the Qajar dynasty permanently. [16] As the Cambridge History of Iran notes; "Russia's client, Georgia, had been punished, and Russia's prestige, damaged." On the other hand, the Red Army along with rebels and warlords ruled much of the countryside. [18] Despite its territorial losses, Qajar Iran reinvented the Iranian notion of kingship[19] and maintained relative political independence, but faced major challenges to its sovereignty, predominantly from the Russian and British empires. Following the 18041814 War, but also per the 18261828 war which ceded the last territories, large migrations, so-called Caucasian Muhajirs, set off to migrate to mainland Iran. Shah died in San Remo, Italy, in April 1925. The story of Malekeh Jahan's attempt is told in her grand-son's book on the Qajars (Kadjars), Les . In August, the shah, through the issue of a decree promised a constitution. Hoping to head off this movement and encouraged by politicians opposed to Re Khan, in September, 1925, Amad Shah announced in a telegram to Re Khan his intention to sail from Marseilles on October 2 and return to Iran. or smaller. In March, 1924, he wired Re Khan instructing him to suppress the republican movement. ahmad shah qajar cause of death. Fisher, William Bayne;Avery, Peter; Gershevitch, Ilya; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles. IN IRAN Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green Fulfillment. Malika-i-Jahan was born on May 14 1877, in Tehran, Tehran, Tehran, Iran. D. Wright, The English Amongst the Persians, London, 1977, pp. These reforms antagonized various notables who had been excluded from the government. The young princes parents, about to go into exile abroad, were reluctant to part with him; but a constitutional crisis was avoided when they were persuaded to surrender the boy-king to a delegation of constitutionalists (E. G. Browne, The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909, Cambridge, 1910, p. 326). [93][94], Ahmad Shah died on February 21, 1930, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. - . safe word ideas for shifting; theatre designer beatrice minns. Juli 1909 bis zum 31. There were Bahai revolts and a revolt in Khurasan at the time but were crushed under Amir Kabir. However, the occupation of Persia during World War I by Russian, British, and Ottoman troops was a blow from which Ahmad Shah never effectively recovered. The remainder of the Gendarmerie was named amniya after a patrol unit that existed in the early Qajar dynasty. [77] Amir Kabir ordered the school to be built on the edge of the city so it could be expanded as needed. State Hermitage Museum. The weak economic state of Persia put Ahmad Shah and his government at the mercy of foreign influence; they had to obtain loans from the Imperial Bank of Persia. M. J. Sheikh-ol-Islami, AMAD SHAH QJR, Encyclopdia Iranica, I/6, pp. [66] This brigade would prove decisive in the following decades to come in Qajar history. Dar-ol-Fonoon was established for training a new cadre of administrators and acquainting them with Western techniques. [99][100], By the 1910s, the Qajar Iran was decentralised to the extent that foreign powers sought to bolster the central authority of the Qajars by providing military aid. Two months later, Re Khan entered the cabinet, replacing Colonel Masd Khan Kayhn, Sayyed s right-hand man, as minister of war. This is a rare picture of Soltan Ahmad Shah at 13. Amad Shah's position was considerably affected when on 21 February 1921exactly 40 days before the British troops were to begin their evacuation of Irana division of the Persian Cossack brigade under the command of Re Khan marched from Qazvn to Tehran and occupied the capital. [10] In his quest for power, he razed cities, massacred entire populations, and blinded some 20,000 men in the city of Kerman because the local populace had chosen to defend the city against his siege.[10]. Ahmad Shahi Pavilion (Persian: - Koushk-e Ahmad Shhi) is located in the Niavaran Complex, in the north of Tehran, Iran.Ahmad Shahi Pavilion is beside Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's dwelling, Niavaran Palace and the oldest building there, Sahebgharaniyeh Palace.The Pavilion was built at the end of the Qajar era as Ahmad Shah's dwelling among Niavaran garden. [clarification needed] Furthermore, under the Anglo-Persian Agreement, Persia received only a small fraction of the income generated by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. Scroll. In view of the unhappy record of the Qajar rulers, opinion at the time favored the deposition of the Qajars and the installation of a new dynasty. Thus, although Amad Shahs coronation on 21 July 1914 was marked by national jubilation, his popularity rapidly declined. A. Maker(s) Artist: Assad-Allah al-Husayni Naqqash-bashi (Iran, active early 20th century) Historical period(s) Qajar period, 1915 (1334 A.H.); redated 1910 (1328 A.H.) Medium Oil on canvas Dimensions to European interests in return for generous payments to the Shah and his officials. In 1923, Ahmad Shah went into exile in Europe. Their head, Agha Mohammad Khan, as his first objective,[37] resolved to bring the Caucasus again fully under the Persian orbit. J. M. Balfour, Recent Happenings in Persia, London, 1922. [46][47] In 1804, the Russians invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja, massacring and expelling thousands of its inhabitants,[48] thereby beginning the Russo-Persian War of 18041813. Qajars filled a number of diplomatic missions and governorships in the 1617th centuries for the Safavids. 113, No. The upheavals of the Constitutional Revolution and civil war had undermined stability and trade. Ahmad had 8 siblings: Mohammad Hassan Mirza Qajar, Soltan Mahmoud Mirza Qajar and 6 other siblings. Bridges of Kentucky > Blog > Uncategorized > ahmad shah qajar cause of death. (XIX . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The venerable Aod-al-molk (head of the Qajar tribe) was named regent. Qjr dynasty, the ruling dynasty of Iran from 1794 to 1925. Eighty deputies voted in favor of the bill, twenty abstained, and only five opposed it. Following the disintegration of the afavid empire in 1722, Qjr tribal chieftains became prominent in Iranian affairs. He was formally deposed on 31 October 1925, when Reza Khan was proclaimed Shah by the Majlis, as Reza Shah Pahlavi. " ", "The Russian Military Mission and the Birth of the Persian Cossack Brigade: 18791894", "RUSSIA v. RUSSIANS AT THE COURT OF MOAMMAD-ALI SHAH", "Opinion | The Editorial Notebook; Persia: The Great Game Goes On", "Portraits and Pictures of Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (Kadjar)", "The Military of Qajar Iran: The Features of an Irregular Army from the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century", "The Swedish-led Gendarmerie in Persia 19111916 State Building and Internal Colonization", "SWEDEN ii. [69] After centuries of constant warfare on the Armenian Plateau, many Armenians chose to emigrate and settle elsewhere. The Tsar ordered the troops in Tabriz "to act harshly and quickly", while purges were ordered, leading to many executions of prominent revolutionaries. Home News Random Article Install Wikiwand Send a suggestion Uninstall Wikiwand Upgrade to Wikiwand 2.0 [23][86], British and Russian officials coordinated as the Russian army, still present in Persia, invaded the capital again and suspended the parliament. Britain also extended its control to other areas of the Persian Gulf during the 19th century. I: Enqer-e salanat-e Qrya, Tehran, 1323 ./1944, p. 39). The generations are numbered from the ascension of, overthrown by rebels seeking to restore the 1906 Constitution, Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni Sepahdar A'zam, Mirza Hassan Khan Ashtiani Mostowfi ol-Mamalek, Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, "Diplomatic Affairs and International Law, 19091", "Portraits and Pictures of Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (Kadjar)", "Children of Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (Kadjar)", A slide show of some photographs from a collection belonging to Mohammad-Hasan Mirz, Russian Empire involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Shah_Qajar&oldid=1142077163, People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution, Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia), Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class, Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni Sepahdar A'zam (, Najafqoli Khan Bakhtiari Saad od-Dowleh (, Mirza Mohammad-Ali Khan (11 January 1913 1 July 1914), Mirza Hassan Khan Ashtiani Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (. [31] When Nader Shah died in 1747, they capitalized on the chaos that had erupted in mainland Iran, and declared de facto independence. When in December 1911 the Majlis unanimously refused a Russian ultimatum demanding Shuster's dismissal, Russian troops, already in the country, moved to occupy the capital. Fath Ali Khan's son Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar (17221758) was the father of Mohammad Khan Qajar and Hossein Qoli Khan (Jahansouz Shah), father of "Baba Khan," the future Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. He left the country on 5 November 1923, destined never to return to Iran. But it was clear to Norman that the shah was motivated by fear, and that he intended to wait out the crisis abroad, returning to Iran if it passed, but remaining in Europe if the Bolsheviks took over (Documents XIII, p. 678). 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. SWEDISH OFFICERS IN PERSIA, 191115", "Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 19211926", The International Qajar Studies Association, International Institute of Social History, Persian Constitutional Revolution (19051911), 1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election, March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum, December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum, 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014), Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015), 20182019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament), Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO), Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&oldid=1142569060, States and territories established in 1785, States and territories disestablished in 1925, Early Modern history of Georgia (country), Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Articles to be expanded from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 04:30. With the conclusion of the Akhal Treaty on 21 September 1881, Iran ceased any claim to all parts of Turkestan and Transoxiana, setting the Atrek River as the new boundary with Imperial Russia.