Then, get ready to test your knowledge! Table 2 outlines some common characteristics and functions. The skin is both a medium for interaction with the environment and a barrier, protecting us from outside microbes and chemicals, changes in temperature and dehydration. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus, a tuft of fenestrated capillaries which creates an ultrafiltrate of blood. While this barrier protects the CNS from exposure to toxic or pathogenic substances, it also keeps out the cells that could protect the brain and spinal cord from disease and damage. The study of. Remember that the perikaryon is the metabolic support center for each neuron, so, therefore, motor neurons require much larger perikarya. All of these components work together to provide movement to the body. The Schwann cells (in the peripheral nerves) and the satellite cells (in the ganglia) are glial cells (supporting cells) of the PNS. Based on morphology, epithelial cells can be either squamous (flat), cuboid (cube) or columnar (rectangular). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Afferent, efferent, visceral and more. The branch of medical science that deals with the. Some ways in which they support neurons in the central nervous system are by maintaining the concentration of chemicals in the extracellular space, removing excess signaling molecules, reacting to tissue damage, and contributing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Using the standard model of neurons, one of these processes is the axon, and the rest are dendrites. Multipolar neurons are all of the neurons that are not unipolar or bipolar. Because of the privileged blood supply inherent in the BBB, the extracellular space in nervous tissue does not easily exchange components with the blood. Reviewer: In general, the brain is composed of an exterior layer of grey matter covering internal areas of white matter, with another internal layer of grey matter in the deepest part of the brain (called the basal nuclei). Glial cells, or neuroglia or simply glia, are the other type of cell found in nervous tissue. Nervous Tissue DR. DEVI 1 16-4-19 2. There are a few processes that extend from the cell body. behaviors, memories, and movements. Due the nature of histological sampling, it is impossible to see the entirety of a three-foot-long neuron on a single slide. Remember that the perikaryon is the metabolic support center for each neuron, so, therefore, motor neurons require much larger perikarya. Describe the organization and understand some of the basic functions of regions of the: Observe the 3-layered organization of the, Outer plexiform (molecular) layer: sparse neurons and glia, Outer granular layer: small pyramidal and stellate neurons, Outer pyramidal layer: moderate sized pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Inner granular layer: densely packed stellate neurons (usually the numerous processes arent visible, but there are lots of nuclei reflecting the cell density), Ganglionic orinner pyramidal layer: large pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Multiform cell layer: mixture of small pyramidal and stellate neurons. motor neurons in the spinal cord or sensory input to the brain), so they have much smaller overall volume and therefore much less metabolic demand compared to motor neurons which project to target muscles that may be more than a meter away. A unity of cells with a similar structure that as a whole express a definite and unique function. dendritic) processes. The epithelial lining of the uterine tube and uterus play important roles in the transportation and implantation of a fertilized ovum (zygote). Did you know that chronic alcoholics have a lot more smooth endoplasmic reticulum concentrations in their hepatocytes? Review the organization of the spinal cord using your atlas. At low magnification, differentiate inner gray from outer white matter and identify dorsal and ventral horns of the gray matter. Two large nerve tracts typically leave the top of the cell body but immediately branch many times to form a large web of nerve fibers. If the myelin sheath were drawn to scale, the neuron would have to be immensepossibly covering an entire wall of the room in which you are sitting. Hair follicles are invaginations of the epidermis that contain rapidly proliferating and keratinizing cells responsible for the production and growth of hair. They include hair follicles, skin glands and nails. Peripheral nerves are analogous with neural tracts of the CNS. In situ hybridisation is a method of localizing and quantifying DNA or RNA sequences. The alimentary canal is a tube extending from the mouth to the anus that serves as a channel for food and water to be digested, their nutrients absorbed and indigestible portions excreted. The testes produce male gametes (spermatozoa) via the process of spermatogenesis. A group of neuronal cell bodies is called a nucleus in the brain or spinal cord, and a ganglion in the PNS. Nervous or the nerve tissue is the main tissue of our nervous system. One oligodendrocyte will provide the myelin for multiple axon segments, either for the same axon or for separate axons. Aside from finding efficacious substances, the means of delivery is also crucial. Mesenchymal cells are undifferentiated cells, which means they are capable of differentiating into any type of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes etc.). Information flows through a neuron from the dendrites, across the cell body, and down the axon. Adjacent to the neuron, note myelinated axons of various sizes and also that there are no spaces between cell processes. Nueron ppt naseemmeeran 139 views . The arrow indicates a morphological type of neuron. Available at theiTunes Storeand for Android users at theGoogle Play Store. Neuroglia. In a transverse section of a nerve (Figure 10), single myelinated axons look like little circles organized in bundles called fascicles. Lymphatic vessels drain lymph (interstitial fluid) from all the extracellular spaces in the body. The tissue is sectioned thinly enough so that light can pass through it. Correct answer 1. They return this fluid to the heart, passing it through lymphoid organs. Test yourself on cardiac muscle tissue with the following quiz. Unipolar neurons have only one process emerging from the cell body which causes them to appear T-shaped. What is the distinction between the CNS and the PNS? The dendritic tree and axon of each Purkinje cell can only be seen in thicker sections stained with special silver stains. Wheater's Nervous tissues and Central nervous system, Ross and Pawlina (6th ed), Chapter 12 Nerve Tissue, Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a, Michigan Histology and Virtual Microscopy Learning Resources, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. Two nodes of Ranvier are circled in Figure 9 below. Diffuse lymphoid tissues and lymphatic nodules are non-encapsulated accumulations of lymphoid tissue found in locations such as the alimentary, respiratory and genitourinary tracts. Fetal tissues are classified into two types: mesenchyme and mucoid (mucous) connective tissue. Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) produce lymphocytes (B and T cells) while secondary lymphoid organs (diffuse lymphoid tissues, lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes and spleen) help to rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted material. Want to create or adapt books like this? Nerve tissue consists of 2 principal types of cells: neurons and supporting cells. The integumentary system consists of the skin and skin appendages. Slides include types of epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue and is ideal for an anatomy and physiology course. Let histology be a piece of cake once you learn how to examine a histology slide! Additional sub-classifications are possible, based on the cell specializations. Skin glands include sweat glands (apocrine and eccrine) and sebaceous holocrine glands, both are important in regulating body temperature. The nasal cavity contains specialized olfactory epithelium, providing the sense of smell. Together this gives us the various types of epithelial tissues, such as simple squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium and many more. Other staining techniques such as Masson trichrome, alcian blue, reticulin stain and others are sometimes used to demonstrate specific tissue components not seen on a H&E stain. Thompson, Ph.D. Histology of Nervous Tissue Despite the complexity of organization, there are only two functional cell . Name the part of the central nervous system that isdisplayed in this tissue section. The primary purpose of this article is to evaluate the histology of peripheral nervous tissue. By examining a thin slice of bone tissue under a microscope, colorized with special staining techniques, you see that these seemingly simple bones are actually a complex microworld containing an array of structures with various different functions. There are many neurons in the nervous systema number in the trillions. Click on launch activity 2. Lining ventricles of the brain, creating CSF. The other major glial cell type you should know about are microglia which are small cells derived from blood monocytes. The nucleus is considered to be the brain of the cell. Some neurons are named on the basis of those sorts of classifications (Figure 3). White matter consists of myelinated axons. Tissue preparation, tissue staining, microscopy, hybridisation. I love Histology! Water and some other small particles, like gases and ions, can enter. An important part of the function of neurons is in their structure or shape. Bipolar cells are not very common. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body. A key difference between myelin and the insulation on a wire is that there are gaps in the myelin covering of an axon. Both respond immunologically to foreign material in the fluid passing through. Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. The accessory genital glands include the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands. Ana 211 (Histology of Nervous tissue).pptx sunday godwin obaje Read Now Download Free PDF Related Papers Cancer Registry Report 2000 2002 Robina Greaves Download Free PDF View PDF Identification of OTX2 as a Medulloblastoma Oncogene Whose Product can be Targeted by All-Trans Retinoic Acid Timothy Parrett Download Free PDF View PDF On a longitudinal section, cardiomyocytes appear branched, joined together by specialized junctions called intercalated discs which allow them to quickly exchange electrical impulses and work as a syncytium. Later in this sequence, you will learn how the hippocampus and dentate gyrus function in what is known as the "limbic system" to integrate inputs from many parts of the nervous system into complicated behaviors such as learning, memory, and social interaction. Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 4. The organization and morphology of the cells shown is found ONLY in the ventral spinal cord. For oligodendrocytes, the rest of the cell is separate from the myelin sheath as a cell process extends back toward the cell body. Other methods include histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, hybridization techniques, tissue culture and many others. Oligodendrocytes have processes that reach out to multiple axon segments, whereas the entire Schwann cell surrounds just one axon segment. Those processes extend to interact with neurons, blood vessels, or the connective tissue covering the CNS that is called the pia mater (Figure 4). Basic nervous tissue staining mechanisms and classification of nervous tissue elements will be discussed. Name this exception. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. . In these slides you will not be able to discern the amazing dendritic tree that extends from the Purkinje cell bodies into the molecular layer, nor will you be able to see their axons, which extend down through the granular layer into deeper parts of the cerebellum. This coronal section includes the hippocampus (hippocampus = sea horse), dentate gyrus, and adjacent temporal lobe gyrus (entorhinal cortex). The neuronal type is found throughout the entire human nervous system except in dorsal root/sensory ganglia. Depending on the type of cells present (fibroblasts, osteocytes, erythrocytes) and the ECM arrangement, connective tissue can be classified as connective tissue proper or specialized connective tissue. Nervous tissue contains two categories of cellsneurons and neuroglia. Unipolar cells are exclusively sensory neurons and have two unique characteristics. The dorsal nucleus of Clarke slide 066a View Image is in the dorsal horn and contains relatively large, multipolar neurons that receive proprioceptive information from dorsal root ganglion cells that are innervated by muscle spindles in the trunk and lower limb. Organs work together in systems. Figure 1 shows the relationship of these parts to one another. Epithelial tissue can cover external surfaces (skin), line the inside of hollow organs (intestines) or form glands. They are stabilized by ligaments, flexible fibrous bands made of dense regular connective tissue. The male reproductive system consist of the internal genitalia (testes, genital ducts and accessory genital glands) and external genitalia (penis and scrotum). With one exception, neurons such as this (though not necessarily this large) are found in ALL areas of the nervous system. The cerebellum consists of an outer cortex of grey matter covering an inner area of white matter, which itself surrounds a deeper layer of grey matter (called the cerebellar nuclei). Which of the following cell types contributes to maintenance of the blood-brain barrier? The ECM of nervous tissue is rich in ground substance, with little to no protein fibers. Some sources describe a fourth type of neuron, called an anaxonic neuron. They are found mainly in the olfactory epithelium (where smell stimuli are sensed), and as part of the retina. Histology Study of Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous and Muscular Tissue Intercellular Junctions, Glands and Membranes Tissue Growth, Development . The nervous system is responsible for the control of the body and the communication among its parts. Title: PowerPoint Presentation Author: Jennifer Ann Jost Last modified by: Jeff Keyte Created Date: 10/29/2003 10:25:53 PM Document presentation . Chapter 12Nervous Tissue. Together these organs provide the ability of reproduction and sexual intercourse. As you learned in the first section, the main part of a neuron is the cell body, which is also known as the soma (soma = body). The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and lymphoid organs. Be sure you identify the white matter in bothluxol blue-stainedslide 076View ImageandTB&E-stained#076bView Imagesections, as it will appear differently in these two stains. The epidermis (epithelium) and dermis (connective tissue) compose the skin. Typically one or more sulci (infoldings) will extend inward from one edge of the section. Vocal cords are housed in the larynx, formed by two folds of mucosa, each containing a supporting ligament (vocalis ligament) and a skeletal muscle (vocalis muscle). The white matter contains nerve fibers (axons) entering and exiting the gray matter, and traveling up and down the spinal cord, linking it to the brain. 49 Motor nerve cell - Ventral Horn of Rabbit Spinal Cord, MultipolarMotor Neuron Cell BodyView Virtual EM Slide Motor Neuron Cell Body. nervous tissue is derived from embryonic neuroectoderm The nervous system is divided anatomically into: Central Nervous System (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. One of the two types of glial cells found in the PNS is the satellite cell. It relays sensory input to cerebellar cortex. Glial cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells and others, provide support, nourishment, myelination and protection to neurons. Histology of Nervous TissueNervous system ppt #2. Neurons in the dorsal horn are essentially interneurons that project to other regions of the CNS (e.g. Copyright This actually causes problems with drug delivery to the CNS. Like a few other parts of the body, the brain has a privileged blood supply. The respiratory system consists of the lungs and a series of passageways (nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea and bronchi) that connect alveoli to the external environment. Did you know that there are special cardiomyocytes in your heart that spontaneously generate impulses to initiate heartbeats? Different regions of the nervous system have distinct histological characteristics that make them easily recognizable, under the microscope. Nervous tissue is made of cells (neurons and glial cells) and extracellular matrix. Click on explore at the bottom of the page 3. How is this different in the spinal cord? Because of this, only specific types of molecules can enter the CNS. ("6" in the orientation figure) a molecular layer containing dendrites of the granule cells. Histology is the science of the microscopic structure of cells, tissues and organs. Correct answer 1. Be able to identify tissues in the nervous system (nerves, cell bodies and ganglia, and white vs. gray matter in the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum). Review diagrams illustrating the morphology of neurons in your textbooks. It will also benefit the publication of several new topics (Hematology, Pathogen ID, and Gross Anatomy). The function of myelin will be discussed below. For now, focus just on the morphology of these regions and observe the presence of three distinct layers rather than the six layers found in the cerebral cortex (evolutionarily speaking, the three-layered organization is considered to be "older," so this type of cortex is also known as "archicortex" whereas the "newer" six-layered cerebral cortex is "neocortex"). The PNS is all neural tissue outside of the CNS, i.e. However, if you take a much closer look, youll see that the histology of bones, is a whole other story. Slide NP004N hippocampal region coronal section luxol blue View Virtual Slide [orientation]. In the hippocampus orientation Image, observe: In the dentate gyrus orientation Image, observe: The "hilus" is the region where the head of hippocampus abuts the dentate gyrus. At a microscopic level, a nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a series of tubules. Figure 1, Figure 4, and Figure 5 show the myelin sheath surrounding an axon segment, but are not to scale. All of these features give muscles the ability to contract and perform various functions, such as movement of the extremities (skeletal muscle), peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract (smooth muscle) and beating of the heart (cardiac muscle). Slide NP004N hippocampal region, coronal section, luxol blue View Virtual SlideSlide 13270astrocytes,Gold-stainingView Virtual Slide. . The Neuron Special property of irritability & conductivity Nerve cells are capable of receiving the . Slide 076cerebrumcerebrum luxol blue crossView Virtual Slide, Slide 076bcerebrumTB&EView Virtual Slide. Reading time: 28 minutes. The delicate meshwork of dendritic processes and nerve fibers (axons) lying between cells in the gray matter is called the neuropil. Note that sacral levels of the cord (levels S2-4) also contain visceral motor neurons in the lateral horn, but these are parasympathetic. 2. The spinal cord contains a butterfly-shaped area of grey matter surrounded by an outer layer of white matter. Because of this, ependymal cells can be considered a component of the BBB, or a place where the BBB breaks down. Contrast the differences in the histological appearance of a pyramidal cell versus a Purkinje cell. All rights reserved. Click on a question to reveal the answer. Because the axon hillock represents the beginning of the axon, it is also referred to as the initial segment. This is done by the use of a complementary nucleotide probe, which contains a radioactive or fluorescent label. 138, 7.18). The most common technique used is the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. They are highly specialized to transmit nerve impulses. Why are perikarya of dorsal horn neurons smaller than those in the ventral horn? It is this myelin, a lipid-rich sheath covering axons, that causes white matter to be lighter in color than grey matter. This is the reason why people with extensive burns are in life-threatening danger. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Oligodendrocytes (another type of glial cell) are responsible for the myelination of CNS axons. ("4" in the orientation figure) a polymorphic layer containing nerve fibers (known as "mossy fibers") and cell bodies of interneurons, ("5" in the orientation figure) a middle granule cell layer containing the round, neuronal cell bodies of dentate granule cells. Grounded on academic literature and research, validated by experts, and trusted by more than 2 million users. The only freely mobile joints are synovial joints, in which adjacent joint surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage, a soft type of cartilage rich in glycoproteins, proteoglycans and type II collagen. The latter constitutes the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES). Cerebellar . Peripheral nerves are bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue (endo-, peri- and epi- neurium). Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Download Presentation Histology of Nervous Tissue An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Some of the proteins help to hold the layers of the glial cell membrane closely together.The appearance of the myelin sheath can be thought of as similar to the pastry wrapped around a hot dog. There are 6 classically recognized layers of the cortex: Pyramidal cells in layers III and V tend to be larger because their axons contribute to efferent projections that extend to other regions of the CNS pyramidal neurons in layer V of motor cortices send projections all the way down to motor neurons in the spinal cord! The proteins are then exposed to labeled artificial antibodies that bind to the protein of interest and catalyse a chemiluminescent reaction, in which light is emitted as a result of a chemical reaction allowing visualization of the protein. 1. They are considered part of the mononuclear phagocytic system and will proliferate and become actively phagocytic in regions of injury and/or inflammation. as white matter? Both neurons and glia have fine processes projecting from the cell body, which generally cannot be resolved in the light microscope without special staining techniques. T and B lymphocytes are born and raised in the thymus and bone marrow, respectively. View HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE A.ppt from BIO 001 at Holy Angel University. ("1" in the orientation figure) a polymorphic layer containing many nerve fibers and small cell bodies of interneurons, ("2" in the orientation figure) a middle pyramidal cell layer containing hippocampal pyramidal cells. Cardiomyocytes contain actin and myosin filaments just like other muscle cells, but they have some special structural and functional properties. It relays sensory input to other neurons in the spinal cord. Health Information Technology & Services. All cells contain cytoplasm, are surrounded by a membrane, and contain a variety of structures and organelles. Using slide 77, determine that the cerebellar cortex is organized into an outer molecular layer slide 077 View Image containing basket and stellate cells (not distinguishable by routine light microscopy) as well as axons of granule cells found in the deeper, highly cellular granule layer slide 077 View Image.