The Ocean Basins: Their Structure and Evolution | ScienceDirect found here, Extension (spreading) of the Nature 211:676681, NOAA (2005) World ocean atlas data. Top 8 what impact do you think egypts natural barriers had on its ability to fight off invaders. Marine Geology & Seafloor Surveying Group, Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta, Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universitt zu Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Universit degli Studi Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy, 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, Harris, P.T., Macmillan-Lawler, M. (2018). A case study of the Wilson Cycle can be seen with the development of the Atlantic Ocean. India began drifting northward directly toward Asia. What are the stages of the ocean basin evolution? The Amerasian basin in the western Arctic Ocean had formed during an earlier spreading phase from about 130 to 110 million years ago. Ocean basin is virtually the region that contains a huge amount of water. 2014). a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile stretching while Ano ang naging batayan ng pang-ekonomiya at pampulitikang desisyon ng mga bansa? By default, what ::Refer to the image below to answer the following question. Rank the stages of continental rifting with the first stage on . Today this old seafloor is found along the east coast of Africa from the Somali Basin to the east coast of South Africa and adjacent to Queen Maud Land and Enderby Land in East Antarctica. . Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. And example of the juvenile stage is the Red Sea. At least five different seafloor spreading centres were involved. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. About 60 million years ago a new rift and oceanic ridge formed between Greenland and Europe, separating them and initiating the formation of oceanic crust in the Norwegian Sea and the Eurasian basin in the eastern Arctic Ocean. GRID-Arendal, Postboks 183, 4836, Arendal, Norway, You can also search for this author in The Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico formed as a result of the relative movement between North America and South America. Submarine Geomorphology pp 111134Cite as, Part of the Springer Geology book series (SPRINGERGEOL). In radiotherapy why is gamma radiation used to kill cancer cells? The evolution contains five stages which are embryonic stage, juvenile stage, mature stage, declining stage, terminal stage, mature stage, and continental collision. How Can I Teach My Child About The Ocean? An example for the mature stage is the Atlantic Ocean. 1. creates an ocean and ridge system. Pacific Ocean Basin. ocean basin), ocean basin with spreading center When a broken plate tectonics, lithospheric thinning layer and split, forming divergent boundaries. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The supercontinent cycle is the quasi-periodic aggregation and dispersal of Earth 's continental crust. Which is an example of the mature stage of the ocean basin? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [5] However, both supercontinent cycles and Wilson cycles were involved in the formation of Pangaea and of Rodinia. During this period spreading continued in the Pacific basin with the growth of the Pacific Plate and the consumption by subduction of its bordering plates, including the Izanagi, Farallon, and Phoenix. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Our earth surface has different shape in every region. And here today in this article I would like to explain and inform to you about each stages so you can understand better. Advertisement A classic example of the Wilson Cycle is the opening and closing of the Atlantic Ocean. Where To Go Fishing On Long Beach Island? Plate tectonics and basin formation - AAPG Wiki Declining - Motion: Convergence (Subduction) Example: Pacific Ocean 2. Oceanic crust is much younger than most continental crust. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 136:168, Becker JJ, Sandwell DT, Smith WHF, Braud J, Binder B, Depner J, Fabre D, Factor J, Ingalls S, Kim SH, Ladner R, Marks K, Nelson S, Pharaoh A, Trimmer R, Von Rosenberg J, Wallace G, Weatherall P (2009) Global bathymetry and elevation data at 30 arc seconds resolution: SRTM30_PLUS. And here today in this article I would like to explain and inform to you about each stages so you can understand better. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Moscow, St Petersburg, pp 120130, Gardner JV, Armstrong AA (2011) The Mariana trench: a new view based on multibeam echo sounding, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011. continued spreading, an ocean and ridge system are created. The results of a multivariate classification of ocean basins is presented, based on an existing digital global map of seafloor features that are related to major phases of evolution, namely young, mature, declining and terminal evolutionary stages. During the later stages of its thermal evolution, . It does not store any personal data. Geology 22:491495, OGrady DB, Syvitski JPM, Pratson LF, Sarg JF (2000) Categorizing the morphologic variability of siliciclastic passive continental margins. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. What are the four stages of the evolution of an ocean basin from Mar Geol 352:424, Hess HH (1962) History of ocean basins. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. An instance for the mature stage is the Atlantic Ocean. In fact, it holds most of the water on earth since ocean basins cover almost three-quarters of the surface on Earth. "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "How are ocean basins formed? ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "In fact, the reason the continents are so much older than the ocean floor is that the continental crust is composed of material too light to sink into the mantle. Part of Springer Nature. The ocean floor is called the abyssal plain. Trends Ecol Evol 25:190197, Long MC, Deutsch C, Ito T (2016) Finding forced trends in oceanic oxygen. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 636643, Divins DL (2003) Thickness of sedimentary cover in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Over the last several years, I have also done blogging for celebrity guests and brand ambassadors. Other significant features of the ocean floor include aseismic ridges, abyssal hills, and seamounts and guyots. apart the crusts and crust slab sink in the middle, forming a rift Together they comprise the overpowering majority of all water on this planet and feature a typical depth of virtually 4 km (about 2.5 miles). Between 60 and 50 million years ago, massive events happened in the Indian Ocean and southwest Pacific. The basin is found on the east of the North and South American continents, west of Asia, Malaysia and Australia. Rev Geophys 31:2949, Smith WH, Sandwell DT (1997) Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. squeeze ocean basin, collision / regional uplift / closing (end) of an ocean which is driven by Plate Tectonics. 1. Top 8 what happens to air pressure as altitude increases? Volcanic Island Arc INACTIVE OCEAN BASIN -dominated by CONVERGENCE Active Ocean Basin the main changes Ideas, 10 during g1 stage of interphase, a diploid organism contains how many copies of each gene? Mature. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "The key characteristics of the oldest existing ocean basin have been shaped by the phenomena linked with plate tectonics. That is because ocean basins are relatively short-liv~d features of this planet: no oceanic crust older than about 180 Ma is known from the present oceans. Fishing Clash: Catching Fish Game. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile Read more, Matching Result: a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile stretching while the lower crust is broken along normal faults (2) tension pulls apart the crusts, Source: https://www.microblife.in/what-are-the-four-stages-of-the-evolution-of-an-ocean-basin-from-first-to-last/. ", "Static or Mobile Earth: The Current Scientific Revolution", "Assembly and Dispersal of Supercontinents", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilson_Cycle&oldid=1118670150, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Top 7 what happens after a language comes into contact with another. There is one example of the declining stage which is the Pacific Ocean. Then, to know either the stage of the ocean basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a characteristic that you can know. The different that you can see is being caused by the evolution of the ocean basin. Uplift and exhumation of the Chakabeishan ore district in the northern Stages of Ocean Basin EvolutionEmbryonic, rift valley forms as continent begins to split, sea-floor basalts begin forming as continental sections diverge, broad ocean basin widens, trenches develop and subduction begins, subduction eliminates much of sea floor and oceanic ridge, narrow ocean basin, possibly shallowing because of sediment input. Top 6 what interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog, Top 9 what happens if you have no human contact. "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "What are the key characteristics of the oldest ocean basin? The examples of the continental collision are the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau. Between 90 and 80 million years ago, Madagascar and India separated, and the spreading ridges in the Indian Ocean were reorganized. If there is a place that has so many volcanoes, this is also can be a marked where there is exist an active tectonic margin that allow the ocean basin in that place experience the evolution. A Wilson cycle consists of six stages: embryonic, juvenile, mature, declining, terminal, and suturing. lower crust is deformed by ductile stretching; (2) tension pulls Mar Geodesy 32:355371, Broecker WS (1991) The great ocean conveyor. Elsevier Ltd., Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, Yesson C, Clark MR, Taylor ML, Rogers AD (2011) The global distribution of seamounts based on 30 arc seconds bathymetry data. Basically, each stage has some characteristic that can be seen to know in which stage the ocean basin evolution is. The seafloor in the western portion of the Philippine Sea developed between 60 and 35 million years ago. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Ocean Basin Types and Formation. Consulted on 2016-04-04. Basin and Range province, small remnant of ancient Tethys Sea, almost completely The Pacific Ocean Basin is said to be the oldest among the many other basins on Earth. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The Wilson Cycle is a model that describes the opening and closing of ocean basins and the subduction and divergence of tectonic plates during the assembly and disassembly of supercontinents. valley; (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea; (4) after stages of ocean basin evolution. of the sea floor is eliminated and continents collide, Extensional pulling apart, normal I am a Vietnamese blogger, entrepreneur, and founder and editor-in-chief of "Show," a lifestyle blog focusing on celebrities' latest happenings as well as everyday happenings. J Geophys Res 106:1943119441, Whitehead JA (1998) Topographic control of oceanic flows in deep passages and straits. "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "What is the formation of the ocean basin? International Hydrographic Organisation and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Monaco, p 32, Ivanov VV, Shapiro GI, Huthnance JM, Aleynik DL, Golovin PN (2004) Cascades of dense water around the world ocean. apart the crusts and exposes the mantle between them; (3) continued This chapter describes the development and evolution of the ocean basins. And here today in this article I would like to explain and inform to you about each stages so you can understand better. the ocean basins so a hypsometric curve is really a representation of competition between uplift and erosion . Wilson Cycle: The Opening and Closing of an Ocean Basin And A Plate Tectonic Rock Cycle Jump Ahead to Specific Stages How Much Do You Understand - A Self Test One Page Wilson Cycle Circular Wilson Cycle Published Wilson Cycle Stage A - Stable Craton Stage B - Hot Spot/Rifting Stage C - Early Divergent Margin Stage D - Full Divergent Margin Following the North Atlantic Igneous Province eruptions around 55 Ma, the northern Atlantic passive margins rifted to their present state. 5 What are the 4 major oceans of the world? From the case of the Atlantic Ocean, Wilson Cycle plate margins can broadly be described as having the following attributes: A Wilson cycle is not the same as a supercontinent cycle, which is the break-up of one supercontinent and the development of another and takes place on a global scale. Google Scholar, Augustin N, Devey CW, van der Zwan FM, Feldens P, Tominaga M, Bantan RA, Kwasnitschka T (2014) The rifting to spreading transition in the Red Sea. "}}]}, Physiography and bathymetry (submarine panorama) allow the ocean floor to be subdivided into three different provinces: (1), There are five major subdivisions of the world ocean: the, A number of major elements of the basins depart from this commonfor instance, the, Geographic features linked to deep-ocean basins come with, Is A Size 4 Or 6 Hook Bigger? Possibly simultaneously or shortly after this rifting began, South America started to separate from Africa, initiating the formation of seafloor in the South Atlantic Ocean. Source: https://deepoceanfacts.com/stages-of-ocean-basin-evolution, Sumary: Through most of geologic time, probably extending back 2 billion years, the ocean basins have both grown and been consumed as plate tectonics continued on Earth. Divergent plate boundaries occurs on two tectonic plates are break apart. Science, 07.01.2020 19:28, calmaaprilgrace What the are stages of the ocean basin evolution? 2.10 Wilson Cycles. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". This widget requries the Arqam Lite Plugin, You can install it from the Theme settings menu > Install Plugins. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 1. In: Engel AEJ, James HL, Leonard BF (eds) Petrologic studies: a volume in honor of A. F. Buddington. In this article, 5 major basins will be talked about in details including their description, characteristics and usage. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 1. basalts begin forming as continental sections diverge, broad Then, to know either the stage of the ocean basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a characteristic that you can know. 2 The Red Sea is an embryonic ocean that appears to be starting step by step from the south, where the axial region is underlain by oceanic crust and has a rift valley. Since that time the major developments have included a shrinking of the Pacific basin at the expense of the growing Atlantic and Arctic basins, the opening of the Tethys seaway circling the globe in tropical latitudes and its subsequent closing, and the opening of the Southern Ocean as the southern continents moved north away from Antarctica. A number of major features of the basins depart from this averagefor example, the mountainous ocean ridges, deep-sea trenches, and jagged, linear fracture zones. The Indian subcontinent first touched against the Asian continent about 53 million years ago, developing structures that preceded the main Himalayan orogeny (mountain-building event), which began in earnest some 40 million years ago. Right-click on Rythm bot name and select Kick, Is Fishing Clash Offline? American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, Gille ST, Metzger EJ, Tokmakian R (2004) Seafloor topography and ocean circulation. See Answer. If you have questions that need to be answered about the topic what are the four stages of the evolution of an ocean basin from first to last?, then this section may help you solve it. The Atlantic ocean and the Arctic ocean are good examples of active, starting to be oceanic basins, whereas the Mediterranean Sea is shrinking. These are: 1) the spatial variability of the structure and stratigraphy of rift basins and rift systems, 2) the structural and stratigraphic evolution of rift basins and rift systems; and 3) the transition from rifting to drifting. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Ocean basin is basically the region that contains a huge amount of water. exposed mantle cools into oceanic crust; (4) continued spreading {"@context": "https://schema.org","@type": "FAQPage","mainEntity": [{"@type": "Question","name": "What is topography of ocean basin? The evolution contains five stages which are embryonic stage, juvenile stage, mature stage, declining stage, terminal stage, mature stage, and continental collision. apart the crusts and crust slab sink in the middle, forming a rift Then, to grasp either the stage of the sea basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a attribute that you can know. Mar Geol 285:6986, Harris PT, MacMillan-Lawler M, Rupp J, Baker EK (2014) Geomorphology of the oceans. The three main ocean zones are the daylight zone, the twilight zone, and the deep ocean, which is further divided into the midnight zone, the abyss, and the trenches. The movement that appears in this stage is the uplift of the bottom part of the ocean. hypsometric curves describe the stages of landscape evolution, which also provide . Identify and describe the structure of the ocean basin. Embryonic - Motion: Uplift Example: Great Rift Valley The Pacific Ocean Basin earns the title as the biggest and the private ocean basin on earth. 7 Which is an example of the mature stage of the ocean basin? Once again thank you for your concern about the deep ocean ecosystem and the things surround it. Earth Planet Sci Lett 395:217230, Backman J, Jakobsson M, Lvlie R, Polyak L, Febo LA (2004) Is the central Arctic Ocean a sediment starved basin? "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "Are continents or ocean basins older? Ocean basin evolution. still narrow), Gulf of Aden (becoming an open Reflects light to the spicemen from the external source, Which of the following can cause global warming? Then, to grasp either the stage of the sea basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a attribute that you can know. DOI: "Start of the Wilson Cycle at 3 Ga Shown by Diamonds from Subcontinental Mantle", "Did the Atlantic Close and then Re-Open? That is as a result of ocean basins are pretty short-liv~d facets of this planet: no oceanic crust older than about 180 Ma is thought from the latest oceans. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Pacific Ocean Basin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Atlantic ocean and the Arctic ocean are good examples of active, growing oceanic basins, whereas the Mediterranean Sea is shrinking. The five ocean basins from largest to smallest are: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic. An example for the mature stage is the Atlantic Ocean. Juvenile. The characteristic is the existence of the continental margins in the ocean seafloor that creates the ocean basin. These boundaries are common areas of tectonic activity, which is the deformation of the earth's crust due to movement of tectonic plates resulting in activity (such as earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building). 1. PubMedGoogle Scholar. (a) Early rifting associated with several minor, relatively isolated normal faults. What are the 5 stages of ocean evolution? Evolution of the Ocean Basin. The uplift and the convergence that is experienced by the ocean basin creating the ocean basin become narrow. Stages in the evolution of a rift basin. Springer, Cham. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The fresh or frozen flesh of tuna is widely regarded as a delicacy in most areas, Are Dimension Tables And Domain Tables The Same Thing? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Sinai Peninsula. The ocean basin can just stuck and stay in one stage and not continuing the next stages. Top 8 what international event led to the red scare? J Geophys Res 102:32113214, Nicholson C, Sorlien CC, Atwater T, Crowell JC, Luyendyk BP (1994) Microplate capture, rotation of the western transverse ranges, and initiation of the San Andreas transform as a low-angle fault system. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "The Amerasian basin in the western Arctic Ocean had formed during an earlier spreading phase from about 130 to 110 million years ago. 6 What are the 5 stages of ocean evolution? Meanwhile, to let you know which ocean is in the terminal stage or not you can see the existence of the young mountains in the ocean. VLIZ (2005). The Pacific ocean floor at this site was generated during seafloor spreading from a pattern of ridges and plates that had existed for some unknown period of time. For the mature stage, the ocean basin experience the widening, trench developing, and the start of subduction. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. The present Caribbean seafloor consists of a captured piece of the Farallon Plate (from the Pacific basin) and is estimated to be for the most part of Cretaceous age (i.e., about 120 to 85 million years old). 391052079-6-Major-Stages-of-Ocean-Basin-Evolution.docx - 6 The following are stages of the ocean basin evolution, except agents Bass Hunting 3D Game Free Offli, What Is The Best Murder Mystery Game For A Party? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Please use this module with care. 2 What are the stages of the ocean basin evolution? Do not forget to keep following our website because there will be more interesting article to come that you need to know. In the eastern Mediterranean the seafloor is no older than about 100 million years. What are the four stages of the evolution of an ocean basin from first to last? Top 7 what innovation did jethro wood add to plows in the 1800s. The Embryonic is exempted in the ocean basin revolution. Figure 4.2.1.1. Rev Geophys 36:423440, Wilson JT (1966) Did the Atlantic close and then reopen? Evolution of the ocean basins through plate movements. lower crust is deformed by ductile stretching; (2) tension pulls Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. So thats all for todays article that is about the stages of ocean basin evolution. While there is one global ocean, it is generally divided up into five major basins: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, the Southern, and the Arctic. 2 The Red Sea is an embryonic ocean that appears to be opening progressively from the south, where the axial region is underlain by oceanic crust and has a rift valley. What Time Does Sea Grass Grille Pick Up Start? - 143.244.138.144. Science 277:19561962, Stow DAV (2010) Vanished ocean: how Tethys reshaped the world. 6 Major Stages of Ocean Basin Evolution - DeepOceanFacts.com Rising mantle first encounters the base of the lithosphere . - The Pacific Ocean basin is shrinking, and the Atlantic ocean basin is growing wider. And in the terminal stage the movement that appears and happens are the uplift and the converge. "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "How did the Amerasian Basin form? & continental margins, trenches / volcanic island arcs / What Does The Tune Review Mean For The Nsw Government? Evolution of sediment gravity flows in response to early Carboniferous Features of the ocean include the continental shelf, slope, and rise. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Lets just take a look to our ocean. -it can be or Ocean Basin INACTIVE. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Stages of Ocean Basin Evolution Embryonic rift valley forms as continent begins to split Great Rift Valley, Eastern Africa Juvenile sea-floor basalts begin forming as continental sections diverge Red Sea Mature broad ocean basin widens, trenches develop and subduction begins Atlantic Ocean Declining Ocean basin. Although it first opened some 140 million years ago, almost all of the Indian Ocean basin is less than 80 million years old. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". These plates move very slowly and meet at their barriers. a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile stretching while the lower crust is broken along normal faults (2) tension pulls apart the crusts and crust slab sink in the middle forming a rift valley (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea (4) after continued spreading an ocean and ridge system are created. narrow, closing seas, Persian Gulf small remnant of ancient Tethys Sea, almost completely coastal mountain ranges, convergence continental blocks And here today in this article I would like to explain and inform to you about each stages so you can understand better. Embryonic Ocean . Many people also known the continental collision stage as the suturing stage. after the Canadian geophysicist J. Tuzo Wilson (1908-1993). What positive changes did Europe bring to Africa? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Australia began drifting northward, away from East Antarctica, creating seafloor there. Springer Geology. SmartFigure: The Wilson Cycle of Ocean Basin Evolution To know either the ocean basin is in the declining stage or not there is a character that differentiate this stage from another stages. valley; (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea; (4) after I have worked with luxury brands and high-end news publications, including Vogue Paris, NY Magazine, NY Observer, W Magazine, Brides, VOGUE, and Out. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Ocean basin. After the elimination of seafloor and the collide of continents there will be created and or the forming of the continental mountains chain. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Geographic features associated with deep-ocean basins include trenches, abyssal plains, ocean ridges and rises, and submarine mountainous regions. Frequently Asked Questions About what are the four stages of the evolution of an ocean basin from first to last? The rift split the supercontinent to form a narrow ocean basin. Written By: Ocean basin, any of several vast submarine regions that jointly cover nearly three-quarters of Earths floor. Metamorphism in geology is the changes or adjustments that happens on the composition of rocks to physical and chemical conditions. The key features of the oldest latest ocean basin were shaped by the phenomena linked with plate tectonics. The Structure and Evolution of Ocean Basins | PDF - Scribd A journey from the Wasatch Front southwest to the Pacific Ocean will show stages of desert landscape evolution from the young fault blocks of Utah with sharp peaks and alluvial fans at the mouths of canyons, through older landscapes in Southern Nevada with bajadas along the mountain fronts, to the oldest landscapes in the Mojave Desert of a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile stretching while the lower crust is broken along normal faults (2) tension pulls apart the crusts and crust slab sink in the middle forming a rift valley (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea (4) after continued spreading an ocean and ridge system are created. Basin Res 20:467472, IHO (2008) Standardization of undersea feature names: guidelines, proposal, form, terminology, 4th edn. 4 What are the major physiographic features of ocean floor? The oceans water column is divided into five distinct regions: the epipelagic (sunlight zone), mesopelagic (twilight zone), bathypelagic (midnight zone), abyssopelagic (abyssopelagic), and hadal (trenches) zones. On the other hand, there are some example for the embryonic stage such as the Great Rift Valley, southern Red Sea, and Eastern Africa. What are the major physiographic features of ocean floor? Tectonic activities that usually appear such as, earthquake, formation of new igneous rock, and etc.