The official German name of the province under Austrian rule (17751918), die Bukowina, was derived from the Polish form Bukowina, which in turn was derived from the common Slavic form of buk, meaning beech tree (compare Ukrainian [buk]; German Buche; Hungarian bkkfa). Please note the continuation of this book may be found under call number 92/62. This register records births for the Neologue Jewish community of Cluj. Additionally, hundreds of Romanian peasants were killed as they attempted escape to Romania away from the Soviet authorities. This register records births for the Jewish community of the village of Apahida (same name in Romanian and Hungarian). YIVO | Bucovina bukovina birth records. The register was kept relatively well with all data completed in most instances. and much of the information is left blank. [70][full citation needed] The Ukrainian descendants of the Zaporozhian Cossacks who fled Russian rule in the 18th century, living in the Dobruja region of the Danube Delta, also complained similar practices. Romnii nord-bucovineni n exilul totalitarismului sovietic, Victor Brsan "Masacrul inocenilor", Bucureti, 1993, pp. P. 35. [9] The population of Bukovina increased steadily, primarily through immigration, which Austrian authorities encouraged in order to develop the economy. The book is printed in Hungarian but recorded in German until the late 1870s, after which it is recorded in Hungarian. [12] Later (1514) it was vassalized by the Ottoman Empire. List of Bukovina Villages - Bukovina Society Very few births recorded took place in Turda itself. The second list specifies the birth date and sometimes includes birth place. Beside Stotsky, other important Bukovinian leaders were Yerotei Pihuliak, Omelian Popovych, Mykola Vasylko, Orest Zybachynsky[uk], Denis Kvitkovsky [uk], Sylvester Nikorovych, Ivan and Petro Hryhorovych, and Lubomyr Husar. FEEFHS: Ukraine. [citation needed]. Vlachs in the land of Pechenegs. Unique is the index at the back of the book which includes a Hebrew alphabet index, according to first name of the father (Reb Benjamin, etc) and then a Latin alphabet index, according to the family name (Ausspitz, etc). 15 West 16th Street While reading the statistics it should be mentioned that, due to "adverse economic conditions", some 50,000 Ukrainians left the region (mostly emigrating to North America) between 1891 and 1910, in the aforementioned migrations. The Early Slavs/Slavic-speakers emerged as early as in the 4th century in this area, with the Antes controlling a large area that included Bukovina by the 6th century. [4] Bukovina is sometimes known as the 'Switzerland of the East', given its diverse ethnic mosaic and deep forested mountainous landscapes. The book is in handwritten Hungarian with a few loose printed sheets of birth records. The book is printed and recorded in Hungarian until around the interwar period when entries begin to be made in Romanian. The register was kept quite thoroughly with all data completed clearly in most instances. 1883-1904 no births recorded; only four recorded from 1916-1931) and generally lack comprehensive data. [53] H.F. Mller gives the 1840 population used for purposes of military conscription as 339,669. bukovina - Ancestry.com Entries record the names of the child and parents and parents' birth place; the birth date and place of the child; gender; whether the birth was legitimate; information on circumcisions; midwives; and names of witnesses (to the circumcision or name-giving) or godparents. Bukovina suffered great losses during the war. Note that the page number corresponds with the original page number, not the subsequent one given by the National Archives. A few notes are in Hungarian but for the most part the text consists exclusively of names. . The majority of entries are for people from Reteag; other frequently mentioned villages are Baa (Hung: Baca), Cuzdrioara (Hung: Kozrvr), Gheorghieni/Giurfalu (Hung: Gyrgyfalva). This register records births for Jews from villages around Turda. Meanwhile, always according to Nistor, about 8,000 (10%) were Ruthenians, and 3,000 (4%) other ethnic groups. 1868-1918, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Birth records, Cluj, Neologue communities, Transylvania, Tags: 1868-1918, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Birth records, Transylvania, Tags: [12] Many Bukovinians joined the Cossacks during the Khmelnytsky Uprising. Please note that at the time of survey (2016) any entries past 1915 were closed to researchers. [32] Although local Ukrainians attempted to incorporate parts of Northern Bukovina into the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic, this attempt was defeated by Polish and Romanian troops. More than 240,000 records for Courland, Livland and Vitebsk gubernias, from a variety of sources, including: voter lists, tax records, census records, death records, newspaper articles, police and military records, Memorial Books, and Extraordinary Commission lists. The register was kept relatively well with all data completed in most instances. Probably the book was either kept in Mociu or stored there in later years and thus is catalogued as being from that village. [36] In part this was due to attempts to switch to Romanian as the primary language of university instruction, but chiefly to the fact that the university was one of only five in Romania, and was considered prestigious. [35] The reasons stated were that, until its takeover by the Habsburg in 1775, Bukovina was the heart of the Principality of Moldavia, where the gropniele domneti (voivods' burial sites) are located, and dreptul de liber hotrre de sine (right of self-determination). 1775-1867, 1868-1918, Austrian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Birth records, Death records, Dej, Marriage records, Transylvania, Tags: Leo Baeck Institute The inclusive dates refer to a transition period, as the records in one parish transitioned to the new script at different point than the records of another parish. The specific proposal was published in Aurel C. Popovici's book "Die Vereinigten Staaten von Gro-sterreich" [The United States of Greater Austria], Leipzig, 1906. The entries are not made chronologically and thus it is not clear when the book was begun, probably in the 1880s or 1890s. There are also a few notes in Yiddish. tefan Purici. Box 4666, Ventura, CA 93007 Request a Quote: bridal boutiques in brooklyn CSDA Santa Barbara County Chapter's General Contractor of the Year 2014! The lists seem to have been prepared for a census. This register contains two sets of birth, marriage, and death records which were bound together into one book at some point in time (the second set was mistakenly inserted before the first set ends). The book is printed and recorded in German. Teodor birth record - March 3, 1881. This book is an alphabetic index of names found in the birth record book for the town of Timioara, citadel quarter, from 1862-1885. Edit your search or learn more U.S., Newspapers.com Obituary Index, 1800s-current Death, Burial, Cemetery & Obituaries Name Georga Bukovina The territory became part of the Ukrainian SSR as Chernivtsi Oblast (province). Both headings and entries are entirely in German; some entries have notes in Hungarian added at later points in time. The register was kept quite thoroughly with all data completed clearly in most instances. The Austrians "managed to keep a balance between the various ethnic groups. The first entry in the book is for 1848 though it seems, due to the consistency of the handwriting and the fact that it is in Hungarian, whereas German was generally used in the mid-19th century, that the book may have been created at a much later date. Note also that the inventory at the National Archives does not mention the presence of marriage and birth records in this book. A Yerusha Project, with the support of theRothschild Foundation (Hanadiv) Europe. The index records only name, year of birth, and page number on which the record may be found. Vlachs, Saxons and Hungarians. 4 (1886-1942). 159,486 spoke German; 297,798 Ukrainian, 229,018 Romanian; 37,202 other languages. The collection is arranged alphabetically by the name of the locality, and then if applicable subdivided into subparts by religious denomination. [13] The Romanian government suppressed it by staging two political trials in 1937.[13]. Ukrainian language would appear in Chernivsti's schools as late as 1851, but only as a subject, at the local university (in spite of this, the city attracted students from other parts of Bukovina and Galicia, who would study in the German language of instruction). Please note the register is catalogued by the National Archives as having deaths from 1845-1880, but this is an error. Notably, Ivan Pidkova, best known as the subject of Ukraine's bard Taras Shevchenko's Ivan Pidkova (1840), led military campaigns in the 1570s. That index, however, begins with births in 1857 and goes only until 1885. Meanwhile, many nomads crossed the region (3rd to 9th century A.D). Eymundar ttr hrings, in the Flatey Book, First traces of human occupation date back to the Paleolithic. There is one piece of correspondence about a conversion in 1943. A significant part of Ukrainian intelligentsia fled to Romania and Germany in the beginning of the occupation. Help us out by taking a quick, 7-question survey. Later records are in Latin script. The services of Genealogy Austria include online and on-site research, transcription and translation. This register records births, marriages, and deaths for the Neologue Jewish community of Cluj. Data recorded is typical for record books of this time and includes the individual's name and birth details; parent details; place of residence; occupation; for births information on the circumcision or naming ceremony; for marriages information on the ceremony; for deaths circumstances of death and details on the burial. The Archives of Jewish Bukovina & Transylvania Title: Reghin-Jewish: births 1886-1899 Alternative Title: Description: This register is entirely in Hungarian, with a few names written in Hebrew by certain scribes. This register is the continuation of the birth book with call number 92/61. In 1944 the Red Army drove the Axis forces out and re-established Soviet control over the territory. It was incorporated into the Principality of Terebovlia in 1084. Data recorded is typical for record books of this time and includes the individual's name and birth details, parent details, place of residence, for births information on the circumcision, for marriages information on the ceremony, for deaths circumstances of death and details on the burial. This book records births that took place in the town of Timioara from 1862 to 1885. Record information. Suceava, 1999. The first list records house number, family role (ie, father, mother, etc), name and birth year. [13] When the conflict between the Soviets and Nazi Germany broke out, and the Soviet troops began moving out of Bukovina, the Ukrainian locals attempted to established their own government, but they were not able to stop the advancing Romanian army. This book is an alphabetic index of names found in the birth record book for the town of Timioara, Fabric quarter, from 1875-1882. Both headings and entries are in German, though some notes in Hungarian were added at later points in time. Please note the book is catalogued as a register of marriages, but there is no indication that the dates recorded are in fact dates of weddings; such books were much more common for recording birth dates. In spite of Ukrainian resistance, the Romanian army occupied the northern Bukovina, including Chernivtsi, on November 11. The regime that had occupied the city pursued a policy of persecution of "nationally conscious Ukrainians". bukovina birth recordsbukovina birth records ego service center near me Back to Blog. bukovina birth records bukovina birth records - hullabaloo.tv [31] Lukjan Kobylytsia, a This register records births for in Jewish families in villages around Cluj; Apahida and Bora (Hung: Kolozsborsa) appear frequently. In Ukraine, the name (Bukovyna) is unofficial, but is common when referring to the Chernivtsi Oblast, as over two thirds of the oblast is the northern part of Bukovina. Then, a process of Rumanization was carried out in the area. [71] However, the local community claims to number 20,000, five times the number stated by Romanian authorities. It was then settled by now extinct tribes (Dacians/Getae, Thracian/Scythian tribes). Bukovina is a land of Romanian and Ukrainian heritage but of Austrian and Soviet administration. Consideraii preliminare despre demografie i geopolitic pe teritoriul Bucovinei. During this period it reinforced its ties to other Ukrainian lands, with many Bukovinian natives studying in Lviv and Kyiv, and the Orthodox Bukovinian Church flourishing in the region. The new Archbishop of Czernowitz gained supreme jurisdiction over Serbian eparchies of Dalmatia and Kotor, which were also (until then) under the spiritual jurisdiction of Karlovci. Carol II's Administrative Reform in North-Eastern Romania (19381940), in: Anuarul Institutului de Istorie "A. D. Xenopol", supplement, 2015; Leonid Ryaboshapko. It was a district in Galicia until 1849 when it became a separate Austrian Crownland. All the children born to one family are listed together; the families are numbered. The Austrians hindered both Romanian and Ukrainian nationalisms. The name of Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova) is derived from a river (Moldova River) flowing in Bukovina. This register records births for the Orthodox Jewish community of Cluj. Sources for Genealogical and Family History Research - JewishGen (ctrl- or cmd- click to select more than one), Turda (Hung: Torda), Israelites: births 1892-1930, [Region around] Turda (Hung: Torda), Israelites: birth index 1857-1885, Turda (Hung: Torda), Israelites: births 1885-1891, [Region around] Turda (Hung: Torda), Israelites: births 1835-1894, Turda (Hung: Torda), Israelites: births 1837-1885, Nadu (Hung: Kalotanadas) [Ndelu, Hung: Magyarndas], Israelites: births 1875-1888, Mociu (Hung: Mcs), Israelites: births 1861-1888, Gherla (Hung: Szamosjvr), Israelites: births 1831-1885, Dej (Hung: Ds, Des), Israelites: births 1894-1895, Dej (Hung: Ds, Des), Israelites: births 1886-1893, Dej (Hung: Ds, Des), Israelites: family registry, [District of] Dej (Hung: Ds, Des), Israelites: census lists, 1855, Dej (Hung: Ds, Des), Israelites: births 1876-1886; marriages 1876-1885; deaths 1876-1885, Urior (Hung: Alr) and Chiuieti (Hung: Pecstszeg), Israelites: births 1874-1885; marriages 1874-1884; deaths 1874-1884, [District of] Dej (Hung: Ds, Des), Israelites: births 1855-1875; marriages 1856-1875; deaths 1855-1875, [District of] Dej (Hung: Ds, Des), Israelites: births 1850-1862; marriages 1850-1873; deaths 1850-1870, Reteag (Hung: Retteg), Israelites: births 1855-1871(? A few notes are in Hungarian but for the most part the text consists exclusively of names. JewishGen Databases [31] The Russian were driven out in 1917. The book is in German and some entries appear to have been made at a later point in time. [23], Based on the above anthropological estimate for 1774 as well as subsequent official censuses, the ethnic composition of Bukovina changed in the years after 1775 when the Austrian Empire occupied the region. Births primarily take place in Apahida, but there are also some entries from surrounding villages. Several entries have later additions or comments made in Romanian. Entries are often incomplete and the scribe sometimes created his own headings, different from the printed ones. One of the Romanian mayors of Cernui, Traian Popovici, managed to temporarily exempt from deportation 20,000 Jews living in the city between the fall of 1941 and the spring of 1942. This register records births for the Orthodox Jewish community of Cluj. [69] However, Ukrainian nationalists[citation needed] of the 1990s claimed the region had 110,000 Ukrainians. In 1849 Bukovina got a representative assembly, the Landtag (diet). 1868-1918, 1919-1945, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Banat, Birth records, Timioara, Tags: The first book in each section is in handwritten German (headings as well); the next two have headings printed in Hungarian and German and entries in German or Hungarian with subsequent notes and comments in Hungarian. Another Austrian official report from 1783, referring to the villages between the Dniester and the Prut, indicated Ruthenian-speaking immigrants from Poland constituting a majority, with only a quarter of the population speaking Moldavian. The fact that Romanians and Moldovans, a self-declared majority in some regions, were presented as separate categories in the census results, has been criticized in Romania, where there are complains that this artificial Soviet-era practice results in the Romanian population being undercounted, as being divided between Romanians and Moldovans. Bukovina was formally annexed in January 1775. Inhabited by many cultures and people, initially by Vlachs and subsequently by Ruthenians during the 11th century,[4] it became part of the Kievan Rus' and Pechenegs' territory in the 10th century. In 1783, by an Imperial Decree of Joseph II, local Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Bukovina (with its seat in Czernowitz) was placed under spiritual jurisdiction of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci. Later, Slavic culture spread, and by the 10th century the region was part of Turkic, Slavic and Romance people like Pechenegs, Cumans, Ruthinians and Vlachs. The same information is found in both through it is assumed that copy errors were made. The same report indicated that Moldavians constituted the majority in the area of Suceava. 20 de ani n Siberia. In general the entries were not comprehensively completed: they frequently only give name; date; gender; parent names and marital status; birth place; whereas normally such a book includes midwife name; circumcision or naming ceremony details and name of witnesses or godparents. Consequently, the culture of the Kievan Rus' spread in the region. At the same time, Cernui, the third most populous town in Romania (after Bucharest and Chiinu), which had been a mere county seat for the last 20 years, became again a (regional) capital. However, by 1914 Bukovina managed to get "the best Ukrainian schools and cultural-educational institutions of all the regions of Ukraine. The parish registers and transcripts are being microfilmed in the Central Historical Archive of Chernivtsi (formerly Czernowitz). As part of the peasant armies, they formed their own regiment, which participated to the 1648 siege of Lviv. [12][13] In the 1930s an underground nationalist movement, which was led by Orest Zybachynsky and Denys Kvitkovsky, emerged in the region. Since gaining its independence, Romania envisioned to incorporate this province, that Romanians likewise considered historic, which, as a core of the Moldavian Principality, was of a great historic significance to its history and contained many prominent monuments of its art and architecture.[21]. 'Familiar language spoken' was not recorded again until 1880. Surviving Jews were forced into ghettoes to await deportation to work camps in Transnistria where 57,000 had arrived by 1941. After the war and the return of the Soviets, most of the Jewish survivors from Northern Bukovina fled to Romania (and later settled in Israel).[44]. [56] Subsequent Austrian censuses between 1880 and 1910 reveal a Romanian population stabilizing around 33% and a Ukrainian population around 40%. This register records births occuring from 1892-1907 in the Jewish community of Turda. Because of the mix the inclusive dates of some volumes overlap and both the transcript and original entry are available. Mother Maria Matava. This register records births for the Orthodox Jewish community of Cluj. You can tell the difference because in transcripts each year begins on a new page and in the originals the transition between years occurs on the same page. On 14 August 1938 Bukovina officially disappeared from the map, becoming a part of inutul Suceava, one of ten new administrative regions. 1868-1918, 1919-1945, 1946-present, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Banat, Birth records, Interwar Romania, Timioara, World War II, Project Director [13][55] Official censuses in the Austrian Empire (later Austria-Hungary) did not record ethnolinguistic data until 18501851. After 1908 births are recorded only sporadically. pope francis indigenous peoples. [40] The largest action took place on 13 June 1941, when about 13,000 people were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan. This book records births that took place in the town of Timioara from 1875 to 1882, primarily in the Fabric/Fabrik/Gyrvros quarter and within the Orthodox and Sephardic communities of that district. Ukraine Online Genealogy Records FamilySearch The index is in Romanian, indicating it was created much later than the original record book to which it refers. Very few births recorded took place in Turda itself. Romania, vazuta in presa ca un vrajmas, la fel ca Rusia Interviu", "Comunicat de pres privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensmntului Populaiei i Locuinelor 2011", "Populaia dup etnie la recensmintele din perioada 19302002, pe judete", 13.4 Notele ultimate ale guvernului sovietic din 26-27 iunie i rspunsurile guvernului roman, La Bucovina (Mihai Eminescu original poem in Romanian), The Metropolitanate of Moldavia and Bucovina (Romanian Orthodox Church), "Soviet Ultimatum Notes (University of Bucharest site)", "detailed article about WWII and aftermath", Historical regions in present-day Ukraine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&oldid=1141854180, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, Articles containing Ukrainian-language text, Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro), Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Articles with minor POV problems from November 2021, Articles with incomplete citations from June 2021, Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk), CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bukovina subsequently united with Romania on 28 November, Dumitru Covlciuc. [9], According to the 1930 Romanian Census, Bukovina had a population of 853,009. Please see also the entry for the original record book, which is catalogued under district of Timioara, nr. Also part of Romania is the monastery of John the New[ro; uk], an Orthodox saint and martyr, who was killed by the Tatars in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. The index records only name, year of birth, and page number on which the record may be found. In the course of the 1941 attack on the Soviet Union by the Axis forces, the Romanian Third Army led by General Petre Dumitrescu (operating in the north), and the Fourth Romanian Army (operating in the south) regained Northern Bukovina, as well as Hertsa, and Bassarabia, during JuneJuly 1941. The EastEuropeGenWeb Project is an online data repository for queries, family histories and source records, as well as being a resource center to identify other online databases and resources to assist researchers. The very term "Ukrainians" was prohibited from the official usage and some Romanians of disputable Ukrainian ethnicity were rather called the "citizens of Romania who forgot their native language" and were forced to change their last names to Romanian-sounding ones. The register was kept relatively thoroughly with all data completed clearly in most instances. Pokuttya was inhabited by Ruthenians (the predecessors of modern Ukrainians together with the Rus', and of the Rusyns). The headings are in Hungarian and German; the entries are in Hungarian. The census also identified a fall in the Romanian and Moldovan populations to 12.5% (114,600) and 7.3% (67,200), respectively. Please see also the entry for the original record book, which is catalogued under Timioara-citadel, nr. In Romania, 28 November is a holiday observed as the Bukovina Day.[49]. This landing page is a guide to Austrian ancestry, family history, and genealogy: birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, etc. The index is in Romanian, indicating it was created much later than the original record book to which it refers. In addition, though this book is catalogued as belonging to the Iosefin/Josefstadt/Jzsefvros quarter, there is no indication within the book regarding to what community the book belonged (citadel/cetate, Iosefin, Fabric). Some addenda are in Hungarian. Please note this register is catalogued under "Dej" but the surveying archivists chose to rename it within the JBAT catalogue to more accurately reflect the contents. Entries record the names of the child and parents, often including mother's maiden name; the birth date and place; gender; whether the birth was legitimate; information on circumcisions; midwives; and names of witnesses (to the circumcision or name-giving) or godparents. Name, date, gender, parents, marital status of parents, parent place of birth, midwife name, circumcision or naming ceremony details and name of witnesses or godparents are provided. [12] Nonetheless, the percentage of Ukrainians has significantly grown since the end of the XVIII century.[9]. This collection comprises civil registers recording births, marriages, and deaths. In Romania, the term Northern Bukovina is sometimes synonymous with the entire Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, while Southern Bukovina refers to the Suceava County of Romania (although 30% of the present-day Suceava County covers territory outside of the historical Bukovina). They are of uniform format, initially dictated by the Austrian authorities. The new Soviet-Romanian border was traced less than 20 kilometres (12 miles) north of Putna Monastery. In the early 20th century, a group of scholars surrounding the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand created a plan (that never came to pass) of United States of Greater Austria. The child's name; his/her parents' names; birth place and date are recorded as well as a number referencing the full birth entry in a birth register; this registry can be found under call number 236/12. Unusually, a high number of illegitimate births are recorded, one page almost appears to be a register of illegitimate births alone. 1775-1867, 1868-1918, Austrian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Birth records, Death records, Dej, Transylvania, Tags: The languages of the population closely reflect the ethnic composition, with over 90% within each of the major ethnic groups declaring their national language as the mother tongue (Ukrainian, Romanian, and Russian, respectively). As a result, the USSR only demanded the northern, overwhelmingly Ukrainian part, arguing that it was a "reparation for the great loss produced to the Soviet Union and Bassarabia's population by twenty-two years of Romanian domination of Bassarabia". The Hebrew name of the child is often given. Note that the page number corresponds with the original page number, not the subsequent one given by the National Archives. [35][12] In addition to the suppression of the Ukrainian people, their language and culture, Ukrainian surnames were Rumanized, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was persecuted. The second list includes families in Dej itself (presumably, though this is not entirely clear) and from villages to the south and in the immediate vicinity of Dej. The Jewish community was destroyed in death camps. The region was occupied by several now extinct peoples. However, the Romanian conservatives, led by Iancu Flondor, rejected the idea. Lithuania: The JewishGen Lithuania Database At the same time, the Ukrainian population rose to 108,907 and the Jewish population surged from 526 in 1774, to 11,600 in 1848. There is a loose sheet of insurance data dated 1940 (Romanian and Hungarian). Mobs attacked retreating soldiers and civilians, whereas a retreating unit massacred Jewish soldiers and civilians in the town of Dorohoi. By the 4th century, the Goths appeared in the region. 1868-1918, 1919-1945, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Birth records, Cluj, Interwar Romania, Transylvania, Tags: The 1910 census counted 800,198 people, of which: Ruthenians 38.88%, Romanians 34.38%, Germans 21.24% (Jews 12.86% included), Polish people 4.55%, Hungarian people 1.31%, Slovaks 0.08%, Slovenes 0.02%, Italian people 0.02%, and a few Croats, Romani people, Serbs and Turkish people.